Fixed-Effects Panel Time-Series Modeling of Osteoporosis Belief Dynamics and Preventive Behaviors among Women in Iraq
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Abstract
Background: Osteoporosis is rapidly becoming a serious global issue, especially for women. This is particularly true for women in Iraq, where a lack of health beliefs towards osteoporosis in addition to a low awareness of the disease, leads to an increased burden of disease.
Methods: This study obtained a balanced panel data set of the health beliefs (e.g., perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and perceived self-efficacy) and preventive behaviors for osteoporosis for 250 postmenopausal women in Iraq for a period of 12 months. To control for the unobserved individual heterogeneity, a Fixed-Effects (FE) panel time-series model was used. As part of the analysis, a number of diagnostic checks, including the Wooldridge test for autocorrelation, were performed.
Results: The FE model demonstrated that perceived susceptibility (β = 0.34, p < 0.001), perceived severity (β = 0.28, p < 0.001), and self-efficacy (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) significantly enhance preventive behaviors over time, while perceived barriers (β = -0.22, p = 0.015) reduce them.
Conclusion: Long-term changes in health beliefs translate directly to improvements in osteoporosis prevention. Fixed-effects modeling offers an excellent framework for analyzing these trends in behavioral changes in women in Iraq.
How to Cite
Allela, D. M. J., Ameen, H. L., & Ali, S. J. M. (2026). Fixed-Effects Panel Time-Series Modeling of Osteoporosis Belief Dynamics and Preventive Behaviors among Women in Iraq. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 7(2), 186-191. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.2.186-191
Allela, Dhafer M Jabur, et al. "Fixed-Effects Panel Time-Series Modeling of Osteoporosis Belief Dynamics and Preventive Behaviors among Women in Iraq." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, vol. 7, no. 2, 2026, pp. 186-191. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.2.186-191.
Allela, D. M. J., Ameen, H. L. and Ali, S. J. M. (2026) 'Fixed-Effects Panel Time-Series Modeling of Osteoporosis Belief Dynamics and Preventive Behaviors among Women in Iraq', International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 7(2), pp. 186-191. doi: 10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.2.186-191.
Allela DMJ, Ameen HL, Ali SJM. Fixed-Effects Panel Time-Series Modeling of Osteoporosis Belief Dynamics and Preventive Behaviors among Women in Iraq. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research. 2026;7(2):186-191. doi:10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.2.186-191
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