International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research  |  e-ISSN: 2582-8940  |  Double-Blind Peer Review  |  Open Access  |  CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Current Issues
     2026:7/4

International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research

e-ISSN: 2582-8940 | Open Access

Fungal Napkin Dermatitis-Diarrhea association in Infants and Toddlers

Alaa Saeed Sheet

Department of Radiology Techniques, Mosul Medical Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq

Article Information

Volume / Issue6 / 2 (April-June 2025)
Pages131-142
AccessOpen Access

Publication Timeline

  • Received20 April 2025
  • Accepted21 May 2025

Full Text (PDF)

Open Access - Free to Download

Download Full Article (PDF) JATS XML

Abstract

Fungal napkin dermatitis is a prevalent skin condition among infants and toddlers, particularly in conjunction with episodes of diarrhea. This paper explores the epidemiological link between these two issues, focusing on the critical age range of 9 to 12 months when infants transition to semi-solid diets, increasing their susceptibility to both diarrhea and fungal infections. Despite its frequent occurrence, fungal napkin dermatitis often goes unrecognized due to atypical presentations. The study emphasizes the significance of understanding this association, as untreated dermatitis can lead to further complications, including secondary infections. The paper advocates for increased awareness among healthcare providers and caregivers regarding the identification and management of fungal napkin dermatitis in pediatric patients experiencing diarrhea. Recommendations for future research include investigating predisposing factors, clinical impacts, and effective management strategies to prevent associated health complications in this vulnerable population.

Keywords

FocusingManagementStrategies

References

  1. Bante A, Girma M, Ahmed M, Aschalew Z. Diaper dermatitis and associated factors among 1–24 months children visiting public health facilities of Arba Minch town, Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023. Available from: https://www.cell.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  2. Demirtaş MS, Artunc NY, Alıcı N, Kulu H. Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Diaper (Napkin) Dermatitis. İzmir Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2023. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  3. Feleke Y, Legesse A, Abebe M. Prevalence of diarrhea, feeding practice, and associated factors among children under five years in Bereh District, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2022. Available from: https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  4. Mudang J, Samad KA, Devakumar VK, Ashok P, George AE. Patterns of infant dermatoses: An observational study from the dermatology outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral center. Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2023;5(1):28-35. Available from: https://www.jsstd.org [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  5. Hasan AS, Muhsen TA, Alabassi HM. Diagnostic study of the most important fungal infections associated with some inflammatory bowel disease in Iraqi patients. Acta Biomed 2023. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  6. Littman ML, Ajunwa I, Berger G, et al. Gathering strength, gathering storms: The one hundred year study on artificial intelligence (AI100) 2021 study panel report. arXiv 2022;2210.15767. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15767 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  7. Mebrahtom S, Worku A, Gage DJ. The risk of water, sanitation and hygiene on diarrhea-related infant mortality in eastern Ethiopia: a population-based nested case-control. BMC Public Health 2022. Available from: https://www.springer.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  8. Zghair FS, Hashim AS. Isolation of Candida albicans causing diaper rash and its sensitivity to pomegranate peel extract. AIP Conference Proceedings 2023. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  9. Spiewak R. Diseases from the spectrum of dermatitis and eczema: Can “omics” sciences help with better systematics and more accurate differential diagnosis?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  10. Browne F, Dunne K. Important Rashes to Recognise in Infants and Children. Pitfalls in Paediatrics-E-Book 2024:68. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  11. Yueh CM, Chi H, Chiu NC, et al. Etiology, clinical features, management, and outcomes of skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalized children: A 10-year review. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection 2022;55(4):728-739. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  12. Sulistyawati E, Utiya A, Mariyam M. The Relationship of Parental Behavior in Perianal Care with the Degree of Diaper Rash in Children. In: *2nd Lawang Sewu International Symposium on Health Sciences: Nursing (LSISHS-N 2023)*. Atlantis Press; 2024:270-276. Available from: https://www.atlantis-press.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  13. Karunarathna I, Ranwala R, Bandara S, Abeyak M. Chronic skin conditions: Managing seborrheic dermatitis effectively. ResearchGate 2024. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  14. Madden N, Duderstadt KG. Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Collins-Bride & Saxe's Clinical Guidelines for Advanced Practice Nursing 2024:89. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  15. Angelo KM, Smith T, Camprubí-Ferrer D, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the GeoSentinel Network: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2023;23(2):196-206. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  16. de Hoog S, Walsh TJ, Ahmed SA, et al. Nomenclature for human and animal fungal pathogens and diseases: a proposal for standardized terminology. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2024;62(12):e00937-24. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  17. Marks JG, Miller JJ, Hollins LC. Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology-E-Book. 2024. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  18. Lebsing S, Chaiyarit J, Techasatian L. Diaper rashes can indicate systemic conditions other than diaper dermatitis. NCBI 2020. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  19. Javadi-Pashaki N, Taheri-Ezbarami Z, Pouy S, Dwivedi S. Managing Symptoms in Pediatric Palliative Care. In: Interdisciplinary Pediatric Palliative Care. Springer Nature Singapore; 2024:63-84. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  20. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC. Curbing Diarrhea in Children below five years old: The sub-Saharan African Standpoint. Journal of New Medical Innovations and Research 2024;5(1). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  21. Davies MW, Dore AJ, Perissinotto KL. Topical vitamin A, or its derivatives, for treating and preventing napkin International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com dermatitis in infants. PDF 2005. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  22. Hızlı P, Kılıç A, Savran G, Güner PD. Understanding diaper dermatitis: What parents of 0-36 month olds need to know and the key factors Influencing its development. Cerasus Journal of Medicine 2024;1(3):163-167. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  23. Bistagnino F, Pizzi D, Mantovani F, Antonino JR, Tovani-Palone MR. Long COVID and gut candidiasis: What is the existing relationship?. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024;30(37):4104. Available from: https://www.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  24. Nicolosi B, Parente E, Marilli I, et al. Investigation of the prevalence of skin injuries in hospitalized newborns and main reports: an observational, cross-sectional, and monocentric pilot study. Infermieristica Journal 2024;3(1):63-70. Available from: https://www.fupress.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  25. Cortese S, Purper-Ouakil D, Apter A, et al. Psychopharmacology in children and adolescents: unmet needs and opportu nities. The Lancet Psychiatry 2024;11(2):143-154. Available from: https://www.ru.nl [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  26. Kilic FE, Kocak HS, Serin EK. Traditional practices in the treatment of children with diaper dermatitis. Journal of Tissue Viability 2024. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  27. Hossain S, Mihrshahi S. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding and other infant and young child feeding practices on childhood morbidity outcomes: associations for infants 0–6 months in 5 South …. International Breastfeeding Journal 2024. Available from: https://www.springer.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  28. Ganjoo S, Gupta T. Autoeczematization Id reaction following candidal diaper dermatitis. Our Dermatology Online 2022;13(2). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  29. Shahabudin S, Azmi NS, Lani MN, Mukhtar M, Hossain MS. Candida albicans skin infection in diabetic patients: An updated review of pathogenesis and management. Mycoses 2024;67(6):e13753. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  30. Pala R, Kenny K. Nurturing futures through the maternal microbiome. Sociology of Health & Illness 2025. Available from: https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  31. Negera A, Sento M, Dereje D, et al. Diaper dermatitis and associated factors among children aged 0–24 months in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review protocol. PLoS One 2025;20(1):e0313923. Available from: https://www.plos.org [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  32. Liyanage A. Behind the diaper: Unveiling prevalence and associated factors of diaper rash among infants. Galle Medical Journal 2024. Available from: https://www.sljol.info [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  33. Henry F, Thirion L, Franchimont C, Letawe C, Pierard G. How I treat diaper dermatitis. PDF 2006. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  34. Indah FPS, Cardiah T, Rahmat A, et al. Effect of Community-Based Total sanitation Program with diarrhea Incidents in toddler at communities near rivers. Materials Today: Proceedings 2022;63:S349-S353. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  35. Nagy M, Wychera C, Schemm J, Brewster R, Duncan CN. Bacterial and Parasitic Stool Studies Have Limited Utility in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 2025:e31617. Available from: https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  36. Mitha P. Antifungal activity of antimicrobial polymers created with peptides from the tyrothricin complex. Stellenbosch University 2024. Available from: https://www.sun.ac.za [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  37. Alsatari ES, AlSheyab N, D'Sa JL, et al. Effects of Argan spinosa oil in the treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants and toddlers: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 2023;18(6):1288-1298. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  38. Schilling KA. Characteristics and Etiology of Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea of Acute, Prolonged Acute, and Persistent Duration among Children Less than 5 Years Old in Rural Western Kenya, 2008-2010. PDF 2010. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  39. Xiao F, Wang Y, Ludwig T, et al. Generation and application of a convolutional neural networks algorithm in evaluating stool consistency in diapers. Acta Paediatrica 2023;112(6):1333-1340. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  40. Dudikova L, Kondratyuk A, Makoday I, et al. Professional English for Medical Students (Course in «KROK 1» English Subtest Training). VNMU 2023. Available from: https://www.vnmu.edu.ua [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  41. Li H, Huang QZ, Zhang H, et al. The landscape of immune response to monkeypox virus. EBioMedicine 2023;87. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  42. Strawn JR, Mills JA, Poweleit EA, Ramsey LB, Croarkin PE. Adverse effects of antidepressant medications and their management in children and adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 2023;43(7):675-690. Available from: https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  43. Buifena S, Purnawan S, Wahyuni MD, Marni M, Mallongi A. Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 7-12 Months in Puskesmas Alak Kupang City. UNAR 2023. Available from: https://www.unar.ac.id [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  44. Shirley DA, Tornel W, Warren CA, Moonah S. Clostridioides difficile infection in children: recent updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy. Pediatrics 2023. Available from: https://www.aap.org [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  45. Kadhim Oleiwi M, Hassan ASU. Pa rasitological consequences followed dysentery infections in Mesopotamia. Multidisciplinary Science Journal 2025. Available from: https://www.malque.pub [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  46. Li C, Li J, Zhou Q, et al. Effects of physical exercise on the microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrients 2024. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  47. Shao L, Yu Y. The development of a nomogram model for the individualized prediction of diaper dermatitis risk in pediatric hospitalized children aged 1–36 months. Journal of Tissue Viability 2023. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  48. Wang L, Li Y, Zhang YJ, Peng LH. Relationship between dietary fiber intake and chronic diarrhea in adults. World Journal of Clinical Cases 2024;12(19):3692. Available from: https://www.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  49. World Health Organization. Exposure to lead: a major public health concern. Preventing disease through healthy environments 2023. Available from: https://www.google.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  50. Mustafa M, Gohal G, Alhazmi S, et al. Mothers in the Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia: their knowledge and practices regarding diaper Dermatitis. Hail Journal of International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com Health Sciences 2024;6(2):143-149. Available from: https://www.lww.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  51. Sukhneewat C, Chaiyarit J, Techasatian L. Diaper dermatitis: a survey of risk factors in Thai children aged under 24 months. NCBI 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  52. Mahmudul Islam AFM, Raihan MA, Ahmed KT, et al. Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic doses among pediatric patients of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency care units in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. PLOS Global Public Health 2024;4(9):e0003657. Available from: https://www.plos.org [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  53. Paul J. Gastrointestinal tract infections. Disease Causing Microbes 2024. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  54. Majeed A, Mahmood S, Tahir AH, et al. Patterns of common dermatological conditions among children and adolescents in Pakistan. Medicina 2023;59(11):1905. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  55. Ali M, Abbas F, Shah AA. Factors associated with prevalence of diarrhea among children under five years of age in Pakistan. Children and Youth Services Review 2022. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  56. Barros FMC, Moreira IX, Soares A, Gonçalves AS, Soares A. Family knowledge level and child diarrhea at the pediatric unit of National Hospital Guido Valadares. ISCE Journal 2023;7(2):306-317. Available from: https://www.iscjournal.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  57. Shaly NJ, Pervez MM, Huq S, et al. Invasive fungal infections in under-five diarrheal children: experience from an urban diarrheal disease hospital. Life 2022;12(1):94. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  58. Waller KM, Leong RW, Paramsothy S. An update on fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022;37(2):246-255. Available from: https://www.wiley.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  59. Douladiris N, Vakirlis E, Vassilopoulou E. Atopic dermatitis and water: is there an optimum water intake level for improving atopic skin?. Children 2023. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  60. Feng Y, Zhang D, Chen X, Zhou C, Liu M. Confined‐ synthesis of ceria in tubular nanoclays for UV protection and anti‐biofilm application. Advanced Functional Materials 2024;34(7):2307157. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  61. Ulloa ER, Nizet V. Focal bacterial infections. In: Remington and Klein's Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. Elsevier; 2025:286-309. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  62. Negera A, Sento M, Tola G. Knowledge of mothers on diaper dermatitis management and associated factors in Ethiopia. Scientific Reports 2025. Available from: https://www.nature.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  63. Mourad B, Ismail M, Hawwam S, Msseha M, Hassan R. Evaluation Of The Efficacy Of Fluorescent Staining And Chicago Sky Blue Staining As Methods For Diagnosis Of Dermatophytosis In Hair And Nails. NCBI 2019. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  64. Lim SS, Ohn J, Mun JH. Diagnosis of Onychomycosis: From Conventional Techniques and Dermoscopy to Artificial Intelligence. NCBI 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  65. Dall’Oglio F, Musumeci ML, Puglisi DF, Micali G. A novel treatment of diaper dermatitis in children and adults. NCBI 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  66. Zaenglein AL. What Causes Vulvar and Perineal Itching?. Curbside Consultation in Pediatric Dermatology 2024. Available from: https://www.ethernet.edu.et [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  67. El-Saadony MT, Fang G, Yan S, et al. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications-A Review. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024;12889-12937. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  68. Inusah AW, Collins G, Kwarteng PG, et al. Prevalence of diaper need and diaper dermatitis and associated risk factors among children aged 1–24 months in a referral hospital in Ghana: A cross-sectional study. Open Health 2023;4(1):20220033. Available from: https://www.degruyter.com [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  69. Torres M, Moayedi S. Management of Common Infections. In: Urgent Care Emergencies: Avoiding the Pitfalls and Improving the Outcomes. 2025:81-91. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
  70. Chandy RJ, Ghamrawi RI, Emmerich V, et al. (Eds.). Problem Based Learning in Dermatology. CRC Press; 2024. [Google Scholar][Crossref]

How to Cite

Sheet, A. S. (2025). Fungal Napkin Dermatitis-Diarrhea association in Infants and Toddlers. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 6(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.2.131-142

Sheet, Alaa Saeed. "Fungal Napkin Dermatitis-Diarrhea association in Infants and Toddlers." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, vol. 6, no. 2, 2025, pp. 131-142. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.2.131-142.

Sheet, A. S. (2025) 'Fungal Napkin Dermatitis-Diarrhea association in Infants and Toddlers', International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 6(2), pp. 131-142. doi: 10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.2.131-142.

Sheet AS. Fungal Napkin Dermatitis-Diarrhea association in Infants and Toddlers. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research. 2025;6(2):131-142. doi:10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.2.131-142

Similar Articles

Share

Find this Article on

Google Scholar Semantic Scholar OpenAlex Scilit Crossref ResearchGate BASE

A newly published article may take a few days to appear on these services.