Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder worldwide that is progressed by the accumulation of highly neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau protein within the brain. Despite several traditional treatment methods, there is still a need to explore novel immunotherapeutic approaches for AD. We have summarized the data from the clinical side and the use of various drugs including active and passive immunotherapies. Immunotherapies for treating AD have become the leading therapeutic way and emerging research globally with effective outcomes. The immune system is a complex player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Immunotherapy offers a promising avenue for treating this devastating condition by leveraging the body's natural defence mechanisms. Continued research is essential to unlock the full potential of this approach. Furthermore, we highlighted the impact of phase III clinical trials on intelligence and amyloid elimination in AD subjects treated with lecanemab and donanemab. We also talked about potential contributing variables and possible adverse reactions of anti-Aβ mAbs. In conclusion, we have collected data to explore novel immunotherapies breakthroughs based on tau, Aβ, and microglia and their mechanisms of action in AD from published articles and future perspectives.