International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research  |  e-ISSN: 2582-8940  |  Double-Blind Peer Review  |  Open Access  |  CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Current Issues
     2026:7/4

International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research

e-ISSN: 2582-8940 | Open Access

Immunopathogenic and therapeutic profile of Covid-19: A comprehensive approach to explore Covid-19

Shahzaib Maqbool, Arham Ihtesham, Mir Ahmad Talha Mustafa, waleed Inayat Mohamed, Muhammad Nadeem Langove, Muhammad Umar, Ahmad Hassan, Maryam Haider, Naimat Ullah Abdul Rahim

MBBS, Rawalpindi Medical University Rawalpindi, Pakistan; House officer Rawalpindi Medical University Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Postgraduate Trainee in Paediatric Department Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Article Information

Volume / Issue2 / 3 (July-September 2021)
Pages27-41
AccessOpen Access

Publication Timeline

  • Received01 August 2021
  • Accepted16 August 2021

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Abstract

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel strain of coronavirus also known as SARS-CoV-2 initially originated in Wuhan, China. On March 11, 2019 it was officially declared as a global pandemic by WHO. The viral transmission was associated with respiratory droplets and through other bodily secretions as well. The cellular entry of virus was associated with angiotensin converting enzymes 2 receptors (ACE-2 receptors). This study was conducted from December, 2020 to March, 2021. A total of 159 studies related to immune pathogenesis and therapeutic profile of COVID-19 were included. All studies involving pharmacological therapies for treating COVID-19 were included but the studies manifesting nutritional interventions and herbal medications for treatment of COVID-19 were excluded. Various data bases like Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and web of science were used as a search engine. Fever, cough, myalgia, headache and shortness of breath were common symptoms associated with COVID-19. The clinical spectrum of disease was ranging from asymptomatic carriers to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by exaggerated inflammatory response also known as cytokine storm (IL-6, IL-1, IL-8, IL-10), and hyperactivity of host immune system (innate, cellular and humoral immune system) leading to severe form of COVID-19. Various therapeutic options used to treat COVID-19 are corticosteroids, antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine), antivirals (Remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir), antibiotics (azithromycin), interleukin-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab), Plasma exchange, and finally the most effective and economical treatment is through vaccine which is now considered definitive treatment option. However, more studies are required to explore the most effective, safer and accessible treatment options to treat and prevent COVID-19.

Keywords

Covid-19cytokine stormimmunopathogenic profiletherapeutic profile

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How to Cite

Maqbool, S., Ihtesham, A., Mustafa, M. A. T., Mohamed, W. I., Langove, M. N., Umar, M., Hassan, A., Haider, M., & Rahim, N. U. A. (2021). Immunopathogenic and therapeutic profile of Covid-19: A comprehensive approach to explore Covid-19. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 2(3), 27-41.

Maqbool, Shahzaib, et al. "Immunopathogenic and therapeutic profile of Covid-19: A comprehensive approach to explore Covid-19." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, vol. 2, no. 3, 2021, pp. 27-41.

Maqbool, S., Ihtesham, A., Mustafa, M. A. T., Mohamed, W. I., Langove, M. N., Umar, M., Hassan, A., Haider, M. and Rahim, N. U. A. (2021) 'Immunopathogenic and therapeutic profile of Covid-19: A comprehensive approach to explore Covid-19', International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 2(3), pp. 27-41.

Maqbool S, Ihtesham A, Mustafa MAT, Mohamed WI, Langove MN, Umar M, et al. Immunopathogenic and therapeutic profile of Covid-19: A comprehensive approach to explore Covid-19. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research. 2021;2(3):27-41.

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