Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan
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Abstract
Objectives: To assess micronutrients intake and evaluate macronutrients components to identify nutritional deficiencies underlying cardiovascular risks.
Methods: A simple random sampling technique was utilized. The study population consisted of cardiac patients aged 18–50 years, admitted to the inpatient department of a tertiary-care public cardiology facility. A sample size of (N=222) was calculated using OpenEpi, with a 5% margin of error and an assumed cardiovascular disease prevalence of 17.5%. A cross-sectional design was employed to obtain a snapshot of prevailing nutritional risk. Data were collected using a self-designed demographic survey and the Mini Nutritional Assessment—Short Form tool. Participants' dietary intake was analyzed using a weekly Food Frequency Questionnaire, with Cronometer software used to estimate nutrient values. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0, applying descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis (chi-square), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), with significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: The mean age of participants was 33.47 ± 9.44 years. The sample included 44.1% (n=98) males and 55.9% (n=124) females. Body mass index (BMI) distribution was 28.4% (n=63) underweight, 34.2% (n=76) normal weight, 28.4% (n=63) overweight, and 9.0% (n=20) obese. MANOVA indicated a statistically significant overall difference in nutrient intake profiles (Wilks’ Λ = 0.76, F(10, 428), p < 0.001). Well-nourished individuals demonstrated the highest mean intake of B vitamins, whereas malnourished individuals showed the lowest. Fat-soluble vitamin intake was also significantly higher among well-nourished individuals (Wilks’ Λ = 0.51, F(20, 418), p < 0.001). Similarly, mineral consumption differed significantly between groups, with the lowest intake observed in malnourished individuals.
Conclusion: Increased nutritional risk, associated with reduced food consumption during cardiovascular disease, was evident. Future studies are recommended to establish causal relationships between specific vitamins, minerals, and cardiovascular outcomes.
How to Cite
Komal, M., Jawad, M., Malik, Z., Ahmed, S., Shafique, M., Afzal, M., Khan, F., Shahzad, I., & Saad, M. (2026). Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 7(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.1.73-79
Komal, Muteeba, et al. "Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, vol. 7, no. 1, 2026, pp. 73-79. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.1.73-79.
Komal, M., Jawad, M., Malik, Z., Ahmed, S., Shafique, M., Afzal, M., Khan, F., Shahzad, I. and Saad, M. (2026) 'Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan', International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 7(1), pp. 73-79. doi: 10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.1.73-79.
Komal M, Jawad M, Malik Z, Ahmed S, Shafique M, Afzal M, et al. Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research. 2026;7(1):73-79. doi:10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.1.73-79
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