Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital In 2022
Article Information
Publication Timeline
- Received26 September 2025
- Accepted28 October 2025
- Published
Abstract
Backgroud: Hypertension is one of the most common worldwide health problems, medication adherence is a major public health concern and leads to considerable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.
Objective of Study: The main objective of this study was to an Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital.
Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was performed among 424 adult hypertensive patients attending hypertension clinics in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriyah, southern Iraq. over a period of three months from April 6th, 2022, to June 29th, 2022. study requirements were selected using a convenience sampling method, were the Samples selection according to the inclusion criteria include: Patients aged 18-above, Being able to communicate with researcher, The questionnaire was includes three parts, related to Socio- Demographic and clinical data, eight item-Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (8-MMAS), and Brief illness perception questionnaire (Brief-IPQ). Data was analysis by using SPSS version 25, descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, SD, mean) used to describe socio-demographic data, Inferential statistics (chi- square test).
Conclusion: The study found that 34. 2% are from the age group (50-59), Were male, with a percentage of 54. 7%. and results revealed a total score of (Brief-IPQ) were (Moderate) with mean 43. 0684 and the eight item-MMAS total score were (low adherences) with mean 3. 7588. There is a positive correlation between the (Brief-IPQ) and the eight item-MMAS.
References
- Abdallah AM, Nofal HA, Sharafeddin MA. Illness perceptions, beliefs about medication and blood pressure control among hypertensive Egyptian cohort. Egypt J Community Med. 2021;39(1):50-9. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Abegaz TM, Shehab A, Gebreyohannes EA, Bhagavathula AS, Elnour AA. Nonadherence to antihypertensive drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(4):e5641. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Ahmed MM, Omer MI, Aboud MA, Abdelmoneim AH. Adherence to antihypertensive medication among patients attending the family practice clinics in Ismailia, Egypt. Egypt Fam Med J. 2019;3(1):1-13. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Al-Noumani H, Al-Harrasi M, Al-Naamani Z, Jose J, Al-Maskari M. Relationship between medication adherence and health beliefs among patients with hypertension in Oman: a pilot study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2017;17(3):e329-33. doi: 10. 18295/squmj. 2017. 17. 03. 012 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Alalaqi A, Gibson C, Phillips CJ, et al. Adherence to cardiovascular pharmacotherapy by patients in Iraq: a mixed methods assessment using quantitative dried blood spot analysis and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251115. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0251115 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Alsallami SHA, Abutiheen AAK. Hypertensive patients compliance with medications in Marjan Teaching Hospital/Babylon. Med J Babylon. 2015;12(3):592-602. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Anuwer R, Getachew A, Belachew T. Non-adherence and its contributing factors to anti-hypertensive medication in ambulatory hypertensive patients in Adama Referral Hospital, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2015;5(4):1461-70. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Ayele SK, Abdurehman KS. Prevalence and assessment of knowledge and practice towards hypertension among Bahir Dar City communities, 2016: a community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Midwifery. 2017;9(3):33-40. doi: 10. 5897/ijnm2016. 0231 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Bandura A. Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Eval Program Plann. 1990;13(1):9-17. doi: 10. 1016/0149-7189(90)90004-G [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Bashyal SP, Thapa N. Knowledge and perception regarding hypertension among hypertensive patients at a tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Adv Acad Res. 2020;7(1):51-62. doi: 10. 3126/jaar. v7i1. 35467 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Bashirian S, Jalili M, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Soltanian AR, Barati M. Effectiveness of educational program based on social cognitive theory constructs to promote nutritional behaviors among pregnant women in Tabriz. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2017;12(3):1-10. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Batte C, Mukama J, Ocan M, et al. Acceptability of patient-centered hypertension education delivered by community health workers among people living with HIV/AIDS in rural Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1348. doi: 10. 1186/s12889-021-11411-6 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Benjamin RM. Medication adherence: helping patients take their medicines as directed. Public Health Rep. 2012;127(1):2-3. doi: 10. 1177/003335491212700102 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Berner C, Erlacher L, Fenzl KH, Dorner TE. A cross-sectional study on self-reported physical and mental health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis and the role of illness perception. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018;16(1):238. doi: 10. 1186/s12955-018-1064-y [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Bilondi SS, Noghabi AD, Aalami H. The relationship International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com between illness perception and medication adherence in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. J Prev Med Hyg. 2021;62(4):E966-71. doi: 10. 15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021. 62. 4. 2277 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Boonsatean W, Carlsson AM, Dychawy-Rosner I, Östman M. Sex-related illness perception and self-management of a Thai type 2 diabetes population: a cross-sectional descriptive design. BMC Endocr Disord. 2018;18(1):5. doi: 10. 1186/s12902-017-0229-8 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Burnier M, Egan BM. Adherence in hypertension. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1124-40. doi: 10. 1161/CIRCRESAHA. 118. 313220 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Chaplin S. Do multidose compliance aids do more harm than good? Prescriber. 2017;28(6):30-2. doi: 10. 1002/psb. 1582 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Chapman N, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular disease primary prevention guidelines between Australia, England and the United States. Artery Res. 2020;26(Suppl 1):S19. doi: 10. 2991/artres. k. 201209. 014 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Chia YC, Ching SM, Devaraj NK, et al. Relationship of an adherence score with blood pressure control status among patients with hypertension and their determinants: findings from a nationwide blood pressure screening program. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(3):638-45. doi: 10. 1111/jch. 14212 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Cicero AFG, Landolfo M, Borghi C. Are monotherapies still valuable to the treatment of hypertension? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21(13):1523-6. doi: 10. 1080/14656566. 2020. 1770728 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Cohen JB, Lotito MJ, Trivedi UK, Denker MG, Cohen DL, Townsend RR. Cardiovascular events and mortality in white coat hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(12):853-62. doi: 10. 7326/M19-0223 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Dijkstra NE, Visser MS, Dorresteijn JAN, de Jong PA, Spiering W. Home care patients’ experiences with home care nurses’ support in medication adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2021;15:1929-40. doi: 10. 2147/PPA. S302818 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Emamian MH, Hasanian Z, Fateh M, Gorgani N, Fotouhi A. Association of hematocrit with blood pressure and hypertension. J Clin Lab Anal. 2017;31(6):e22124. doi: 10. 1002/jcla. 22124 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Esmaeili R, Saber Moghadam A, Esmaeili M, et al. Factors affecting adherence to antihypertensive medication: results from a rural population study in east of Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;9(5):286. doi: 10. 5539/gjhs. v9n5p286 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Esmaeili R, Saber Moghadam A, Esmaeili M, et al. Factors affecting adherence to antihypertensive medication: results from a rural population study in east of Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;9(5):286. doi: 10. 5539/gjhs. v9n5p286 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Garcia-Codina O, Juvinyà-Canal D, Amil-Bujan P, et al. Determinants of health literacy in the general population: results of the Catalan Health Survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1121. doi: 10. 1186/s12889-019-7381-1 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Garrison SR, Kolber MR, Korownyk CS, et al. Blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(8):CD011575. doi: 10. 1002/14651858. CD011575. pub2 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Gavrilova A, Ticheva D, Gencheva D, et al. Knowledge about disease, medication therapy, and related medication adherence levels among patients with hypertension. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(11):715. doi: 10. 3390/medicina55110715 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Ge P, Liu J, Zhou X, et al. The influence of parents on medication adherence of their children in China: a cross-sectional online investigation based on health belief model. Front Public Health. 2022;10:845032. doi: 10. 3389/fpubh. 2022. 845032 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Gutierrez MM, Sakulbumrungsil R. Factors associated with medication adherence of hypertensive patients in the Philippines: a systematic review. Clin Hypertens. 2021;27(1):19. doi: 10. 1186/s40885-021-00176-0 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Hajialibeigloo R, Parizad N, Arefi M, et al. Effect of self-administration of medication programme on cardiovascular inpatients’ medication adherence and nurses’ satisfaction: a randomized clinical trial. Nurs Open. 2021;8(4):1947-57. doi: 10. 1002/nop2. 870 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Haricharan HJ, Karjodkar F, Ndlovu N, et al. Health promotion via SMS improves hypertension knowledge for deaf South Africans. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):663. doi: 10. 1186/s12889-017-4619-7 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Hassan SM. Detection of hypertension among cardiac diseases inpatients at Kirkuk City hospitals. Iraqi Natl J Nurs Spec. 2015;28(1):1-11. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Iloh GUP, Amadi AN. Treatment satisfaction, medication adherence, and blood pressure control among adult Nigerians with essential hypertension. Int J Health Allied Sci. 2017;6(2):75-81. doi: 10. 4103/ijhas. IJHAS_5_17 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Imam H, Sundström J, Lind L. Evaluation of time delay between discovery of a high blood pressure in a health screening survey and hypertension diagnosis. Blood Press. 2020;29(6):370-4. doi: 10. 1080/08037051. 2020. 1782726 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Iroegbu B. A phenomenological assessment of factors that affect medication adherence among hypertensive Nigerian immigrants [dissertation]. Minneapolis (MN): Walden University; 2016. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Ismael DH, Qadir CS. Factors affecting treatment compliance of hypertensive patients in Erbil City. Kufa J Nurs Sci. 2015;5(2):1-9. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Jankowska-Polańska B, Uchmanowicz I, Chudiak A, Dudek K, Morisky DE. Relationship between patients’ knowledge and medication adherence among patients with hypertension. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:2437-47. doi: 10. 2147/PPA. S117269 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Jiya FB, Jiya NM, Ibitoye PK, et al. An assessment of illness perception of caregivers of children attending antiretroviral therapy clinic of a tertiary health facility in north-west Nigeria. J Med Trop. 2021;23(1):70-5. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Jorge De Sousa Oliveira C, José H, Caldas AC. Interventions to improve medication adherence in aged people with chronic disease: systematic review. Univers J Public Health. 2017;5(1):25-31. doi: 10. 13189/ujph. 2017. 050104 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Kassavou A, Houghton V, Edwards S, Brimicombe J, Sutton S. A highly tailored text and voice messaging intervention to improve medication adherence in patients with either hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes in a UK primary care setting: feasibility randomised controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(5):e16629. doi: 10. 2196/16629 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- The Lancet. Number of people living with hypertension has doubled worldwide over past 30 years to more than 1. 2 billion. Lancet. 2021 Aug 21. Available from: https://www.thelancet. com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01915-5/fulltext [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Latter S. Role of the nurse in supporting patients to self-manage their medicines effectively. Nurs Stand. 2022;37(3):45-50. doi: 10. 7748/ns. 2022. e11813 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Leventhal H, Brissette I, Leventhal EA. The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In: Cameron LD, Leventhal H, editors. The self-regulation of health and illness behaviour. London: Routledge; 2012. p. 56-79. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Leventhal H. Illness representations: theoretical International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com foundations [unpublished manuscript]. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Liu Z, Byrne NM, Snell GI, et al. Association of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and carotid plaque in Chinese hypertensive adults: effect modification by age. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(8):808-16. doi: 10. 1038/s41440-020-0432-2 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Ahmed MM. Adherence towards antihypertensive medications among patients attending the family practice clinics in Ismailia. Egypt Fam Med J. 2019;3(1):1-13. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Maharjan S. Illness perception and treatment adherence among patients with hypertension in Nepal [master’s thesis]. Hat Yai (Thailand): Prince of Songkla University; 2016. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Mahmood N, Othman S, Al-Tawil N, Al-Hadithi T. Substance use among high school students in Erbil City, Iraq: prevalence and potential contributing factors. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(11):806-12. doi: 10. 26719/emhj. 19. 022 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N, et al. Increased arterial stiffness and cardiovascular risk prediction in controlled hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: post hoc analysis of FMD-J (Flow-mediated Dilation Japan) Study A. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(8):781-90. doi: 10. 1038/s41440-020-0420-6 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Mohebbi B, Tol A, Shakibazadeh E, et al. Factors predicting nutritional knowledge, illness perceptions, and dietary adherence among hypertensive middle-aged women: application of transtheoretical model. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10:212. doi: 10. 4103/jehp. jehp_1434_20 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ. Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(5):348-54. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1751-7176. 2008. 07572. x [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67-74. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Massey EK, Tielen M, Laging M, et al. The role of goal cognitions, illness perceptions and treatment beliefs in self-reported adherence after kidney transplantation: a cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2013;75(3):229-34. doi: 10. 1016/j. jpsychores. 2013. 06. 001 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Movahedi M, Khadivi R, Rouzbahani R, Tavakoli-Fard N. Effect of training through short message service on compliance and mean blood pressure of hypertensive patients. Int J Prev Med. 2019;10:56. doi: 10. 4103/ijpvm. IJPVM_289_17 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Nassr OA, Forsyth P. Evaluation of blood pressure control and associated factors among patients with hypertension in Iraq: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2019;11(3):232-9. doi: 10. 4103/JPBS. JPBS_82_19 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Namvar H, Ghasedi M. Interpersonal dependency and social support as the predictors of resilience among hypertensive patients with the mediating role of hope. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2020;14(7):31-9. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Norfazilah A, Azmawati MN, Madihah B. Illness perception among hypertensive patients in primary care centre UKMMC. Malays Fam Physician. 2013;8(3):19-25. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Oluwole EO, Osibogun AO, Adegoke O. Medication adherence and patient satisfaction among hypertensive patients attending outpatient clinic in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2019;26(2):129-37. doi: 10. 4103/npmj. npmj_48_19 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Park K, Cho S, Bower JK. Changes in adherence to non-pharmacological guidelines for hypertension. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161712. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0161712 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Paryad E, Rouhi Balasi L. Smoking cessation: adherence based on patients’ illness perception after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(Suppl 3):S4-S8. doi: 10. 1016/j. ihj. 2018. 01. 025 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Popiołek L, Izdebska A, Zagożdżon P, Karakiewicz B. Coping with stress and hypertension-mediated organ damage. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2019;21(4):27-36. doi: 10. 12740/APP/108666 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Poorhoseini HR, Shafiee A. A general report of the National Plan for High Blood Pressure Control at Tehran Heart Center in 2019. Tehran: Tehran Heart Center; 2020. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Rethy L, Shah NS, Paparello JJ, Lloyd-Jones DM, Khan SS. Trends in hypertension-related cardiovascular mortality in the United States, 2000 to 2018. Hypertension. 2020;76(3):e23-5. doi: 10. 1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA . 120. 15153 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Rosenberger J, Dew MA, Siegal A, DiMartini AF. Medication adherence in a cardiac ambulatory setting: the challenge continues. Online J Issues Nurs. 2017;22(3):7. doi: 10. 3912/OJIN. Vol22No03PPT51 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Saka M, Shabu S, Shabila N. Prevalence of hypertension and associated risk factors in older adults in Kurdistan, Iraq. East Mediterr Health J. 2020;26(3):268-75. doi: 10. 26719/emhj. 20. 031 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Salome Oyiela O, Deborah Kemunto K. Illness perceptions and adherence to medication regimen among hypertensive patients attending a county referral hospital in Kenya. J Hypertens Manag. 2021;7(1):059. doi: 10. 23937/2474-3690/1510059 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Schutte AE, Jafar TH, Poulter NR, et al. Hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Circ Res. 2021;128(7):808-26. doi: 10. 1161/CIRCRESAHA. 120. 318729 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Seo SG, Jang JE, Lee JH, et al. The association between red cell distribution width and incident hypertension in Korean adults. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(1):55-61. doi: 10. 1038/s41440-019-0334-3 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Shahin W, Kennedy GA, Stupans I. The role of refugee and migrant migration status on medication adherence: mediation through illness perceptions. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227326. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0227326 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Shakya R, Nepal G, Shrestha S, et al. Perceived illness and treatment adherence to hypertension among patients attending a tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:2287-300. doi: 10. 2147/PPA. S270786 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Shim JS, Heo JE, Kim HC. Factors associated with dietary adherence to the guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension among Korean adults with and without hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2020;26(1):5. doi: 10. 1186/s40885-020-00138-y [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Sobhe A. Comparison of automatic thoughts and alexithymia with anxiety in people with hypertension and people without hypertension in Zanjan. J Health Promot Manag. 2021;11(1):61-71. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Spikes T, Higgins M, Lewis T, et al. The associations among illness perceptions, resilient coping, and medication adherence in young adult hypertensive Black women. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21(11):1695-704. doi: 10. 1111/jch. 13712 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Spikes T, Higgins M, Lewis T, et al. The associations among illness perceptions, resilient coping, and medication adherence in young adult hypertensive Black women. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2019;21(11):1695-704. doi: 10. 1111/jch. 13712 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Tanaka A, Tomiyama H, Node K, et al. Official International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com announcement of physiological diagnostic criteria for vascular failure from the Japanese Society for Vascular Failure. Vasc Fail. 2018;2(2):59-60. doi: 10. 30548/vascfail. 2. 2_59 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Tavakoly Sany SB, Behzhad F, Ferns G, Peyman N. Communication skills training for physicians improves health literacy and medical outcomes among patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):60. doi: 10. 1186/s12913-020-4901-8 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Thagizadeh A, Pouralizadeh M, Naderi R, Heidari S. Illness perception and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in Iran. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022;22(1):294. doi: 10. 1186/s12872-022-02684-9 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Twumasi-Ankrah B. Adherence to antihypertensive medications among patients attending Ridge Hospital [master’s thesis]. Accra (Ghana): University of Ghana; 2017. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Uchmanowicz B, Jankowska-Polańska B, Chudiak A, et al. Factors influencing adherence to treatment in older adults with hypertension. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2425-41. doi: 10. 2147/CIA. S182881 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019) . Hypertens Res. 2019;42(9):1235-481. doi: 10. 1038/s41440-019-0284-9 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334-57. doi: 10. 1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA . 120. 15026 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Verloo H, Chiolero A, Kiszio B, Kampel T, Santschi V. Nurse interventions to improve medication adherence among discharged older adults: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2017;46(5):747-54. doi: 10. 1093/ageing/afx076 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Wagata M, Kario K, Hoshide S, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obesity, and hypertension in later life by age group: a cross-sectional analysis. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(11):1277-83. doi: 10. 1038/s41440-020-0463-8 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Wake AD, Bekele DM, Tuji TS, et al. Nonadherence to self-care practices, antihypertensive medications, and associated factors among hypertensive patients in a follow-up clinic at Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia. Int J Hypertens. 2021;2021:7359318. doi: 10. 1155/2021/7359318 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Wattanaburapakul A, Leelacharas S, Jianvitayakij S. Factors related to compliance to high blood pressure therapy among patients with hypertensive crisis. Chula Med J. 2021;65(3):311-7. doi: 10. 14456/clmj. 2021. 41 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Wei M, Wang L, Zhang Y, et al. The prevalence of hypertension in the population without awareness of the disease: data from a rural town of Shandong Province, China. Int J Hypertens. 2021;2021:9672994. doi: 10. 1155/2021/9672994 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- World Health Organization. Hypertension [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2022 [cited 2025 Dec 5] . Available from: https://www. who. int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Wong ZSY, Siy B, Da Silva Lopes K, Georgiou A. Improving patients’ medication adherence and outcomes in nonhospital settings through eHealth: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(8):e17015. doi: 10. 2196/17015 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Xu F, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Development and validation of prediction models for hypertension risks in rural Chinese populations. J Glob Health. 2019;9(2):020601. doi: 10. 7189/jogh. 09. 020601 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Yassin MA, Hassan B. Effectiveness of an instructional program concerning non-pharmacological guideline on controlling essential hypertension among patients at Al-Sader Hospital in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf City. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2020;11(3):141-7. [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Yildirim D, Baykal D. Evaluation of treatment adherence and illness perception in cardiology patients. Niger J Clin Pract. 2020;23(9):1305-11. doi: 10. 4103/njcp. njcp_666_19 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Zahedi R, Mohammadi K, Eslami AA, Kharazmi E. The relationship of health literacy and adherence to self-care behaviors in patients with metabolic syndrome. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2019;29(4):218-27. doi: 10. 32598/jhnm. 29. 4. 218 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
- Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957-80. doi: 10. 1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1 [Google Scholar][Crossref]
How to Cite
Sagban, A. K. (2025). Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital In 2022. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 6(4), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.4.93-112
Sagban, Ahmed Khammat. "Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital In 2022." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, vol. 6, no. 4, 2025, pp. 93-112. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.4.93-112.
Sagban, A. K. (2025) 'Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital In 2022', International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research, 6(4), pp. 93-112. doi: 10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.4.93-112.
Sagban AK. Investigating Medication Adherence and Illness Perception Among Patients with Hypertension in Al-Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital In 2022. International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research. 2025;6(4):93-112. doi:10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.4.93-112
Similar Articles
- Risk Factors of Increasing Intra-Abdominal Pressure and Compartment Syndrome and Their Management in Post Emergency Laparotomies’ Patients Vol 7, Issue 3 (2026)
- Hypertensive supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: Surgery or conservative management? Vol 1, Issue 3 (2020)
- Beyond Antidepressants: Exploring Biochemical Pathways for Next-Generation Postpartum Depression Therapies Vol 6, Issue 4 (2025)
- Integrating Telehealth in Home Health: A Systems Approach to Improving Patient Services and Administrative Workflows Vol 6, Issue 4 (2025)
- An Unusual Case of Optic Atrophy in a Child due to Intracranial Space Occupying Lesion Vol 6, Issue 4 (2025)
Find this Article on
Google Scholar Semantic Scholar OpenAlex Scilit Crossref ResearchGate BASEA newly published article may take a few days to appear on these services.