<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJMABHR</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>IJMABHR</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2582-8940</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Anfo Publication House</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">87</article-id>
<title-group><article-title>COVID 19 and Obesity, a deadly duo? A short commentary</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Kuthiah</surname><given-names>Navin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aravamudan</surname><given-names>Veeraraghavan Meyyur</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Consultant, Department of Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>13</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?utm"><license-p>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</license-p></license></permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/87/covid-19-and-obesity-a-deadly-duo-a-short-commentary"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/87/download"/>
<abstract><p>The number of COVID 19 cases worldwide has been increasing steadily in the past few months. Due to the novelty of the virus, we are grappling with uncertainty as our proficiency in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) and the disease which ensues is in its infancy. The proportion COVID 19 cases with severe disease varies significantly between countries and regions depending on the demographics of those infected. Although most people have mild illness, studies show 12-19% of patients experience severe disease which can lead to mortality. Until the advent of definitive treatment or a vaccine, we must be able to identify the patients at high risk accurately in order to provide closer monitoring and treatment to this cohort of patients. This will allow streamlining of services and resources which are already stretched at this time of a global pandemic. rnStudies have shown older age, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, inflammatory diseases hypertension, smoking, and cancer were all associated with an increased risk of death in COVID 19. rnAlthough obesity has also been implicated in numerous studies from Asia, Europe and America to cause increased risk of severe disease in COVID 19 patients, it remains understated. rnThis does not come as a surprise as obesity has been linked to worse prognosis in previous flu pandemics (1917 Spanish Flu, 1957 Asian Flu, 1968 Hong Kong Flu and 2009 H1N1 pandemic).</p></abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>COVID19</kwd><kwd>Obesity</kwd></kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back><ref-list><title>References</title>
<ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>Wu Z, Mc Googan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020 doi: 10.1001/jama. 2020.2648.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 2020 doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Wang X, Dong W, et al. Risk factors for disease severity, un-improvement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.012</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation>Peng YD, Meng K, Guan HQ, et al. Clinical characteristics, and outcomes of 112 cardiovascular disease patients infected by 2019‐nCoV. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2020; 48(0):E004. Doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20200220-00105</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation>Qingxian C, Fengjuan C, Fang L, et al. Obesity and COVID-19 Severity in a Designated Hospital in Shenzhen, China. Lancet (Preprint), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556658</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation>Simonnet A, Chetboun M, Poissy J, et al. High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity, 2020, 9. Doi: 10.1002/oby.22831.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation>Buscemi S, Buscemi C, Batsis JA. There is a relationship between obesity and COVID-19 but more information is needed. Preprints, 2020. Doi: 10.1002/oby.22883</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation>Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission. Clin Infect Dis, 2020. Pii: ciaa415. Doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa415.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation>Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med 2020. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010419.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation>Luzi L, Radaelli MG. Influenza and obesity: its odd relationship and the lessons for COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Diabetologica , 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01522-8</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation>www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/overweight /en/</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation>Newton S, Braithwaite D, Akinyemiju TF. Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(5):e0177151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177151.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation>Bhatt J, Bathija P. Ensuring Access to Quality Health Care in Vulnerable Communities. Acad Med. 2018; 93:1271-1275. Doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002254.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation>Julia B. Limitations of Body Mass Index to Assess Body Fat. Workplace Health and Safety. 2014; 62(6):264. Doi: 10.1177/216507991406200608</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation>Srikanthan P, Seeman TE, Karlamangla AS. Waist-hip-ratio as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in High-Functioning Older Adults. Ann Epidemiol. 2009; 19(10):724-31. Doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.05.003.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation>Chiappetta S, Sharma AM, Bottino V, Stier C. COVID-19 and the role of chronic inflammation in patients with obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-0597-4</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation>Hainer V Aldhoon-Hainerova I. Obesity Paradox Does Exist. Diabetes Care . 2013; 36:S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dcS13-2023</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation>Ades PA, Savage PD. The Obesity Paradox: Perception vs Knowledge. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010; 85(2):112-114. Doi: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0777</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation>Andrade C. J Clin Psychiatry. The Primary Outcome Measure and Its Importance in Clinical Trials 2015; 76(10):e1320-3. Doi: 10.4088/JCP.15f10377.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation>Prospective Studies Collaboration. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009; 373(9669):1083-1096. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation>Ashburn DD, De-Antonio A, Reed MJ. Pulmonary system and obesity. Crit Care Clin. 2010; 26:597-602 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2010.06.008</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation>Vachharajani V, Russell JM, Scott KL, et al. Obesity exacerbates sepsis induced inflammation and micro-vascular dysfunction in mouse brain. Microcirculation 2005; 12:183 -94. https://doi.org/10.1080/10739680590904982</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation>Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, Levy JH. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 Lancet Haematol , 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30145-9</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation>Fernandez C, Manuel A. Obesity, respiratory disease and pulmonary infections. Ann Res Hosp. 2017; 1:38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/arh.2017.08.06</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation>Patel AB, Verma A. COVID‐19 and angiotensin‐ converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: what is the evidence? JAMA. 2020; 323(18):1769-1770. Doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4812.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation>Lei Zhao. Obesity accompanying COVID 19: the role of epicardial fat. Obesity , 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22867</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation>Gurusaravanan kutti sridharan, Radhakrishna Vegunta et al. Venous thromboembolism inHospitalized COVID 19 Patients. American Journal of Therapeutics. 2020; 27(6):e599-e610.2. Doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001295.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation>Metabolic associated fatty liver disease and COVID-19: a double whammy? Singapore Med J . Doi: 10.11622/smedj.2020141Hui Xian Jaime Lin 1, Veeraraghavan Meyyur Aravamudan 1</mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list></back>
</article>