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<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJMABHR</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>IJMABHR</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2582-8940</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Anfo Publication House</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">432</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54660/IJMBHR.2026.7.1.73-79</article-id>
<title-group><article-title>Evaluation of Micronutrients and Components of Macronutrients Intake in Cardiac Patients: A Cross-sectional Study of Cardiovascular Nutritional Risk in Lahore, Pakistan</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Komal</surname><given-names>Muteeba</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jawad</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malik</surname><given-names>Zainab</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Shaheer</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shafique</surname><given-names>Maham</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Afzal</surname><given-names>Manahil</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Faran</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shahzad</surname><given-names>Izza</given-names></name></contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saad</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name></contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>73</fpage>
<lpage>79</lpage>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?utm"><license-p>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</license-p></license></permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/432/evaluation-of-micronutrients-and-components-of-macronutrients-intake-in-cardiac-patients-a-cross"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/432/download"/>
<abstract><p>Objectives: To assess micronutrients intake and evaluate macronutrients components to identify nutritional deficiencies underlying cardiovascular risks.

Methods: A simple random sampling technique was utilized. The study population consisted of cardiac patients aged 18–50 years, admitted to the inpatient department of a tertiary-care public cardiology facility. A sample size of (N=222) was calculated using OpenEpi, with a 5% margin of error and an assumed cardiovascular disease prevalence of 17.5%. A cross-sectional design was employed to obtain a snapshot of prevailing nutritional risk. Data were collected using a self-designed demographic survey and the Mini Nutritional Assessment—Short Form tool. Participants&apos; dietary intake was analyzed using a weekly Food Frequency Questionnaire, with Cronometer software used to estimate nutrient values. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0, applying descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis (chi-square), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), with significance set at p &lt; 0.05.

Results: The mean age of participants was 33.47 ± 9.44 years. The sample included 44.1% (n=98) males and 55.9% (n=124) females. Body mass index (BMI) distribution was 28.4% (n=63) underweight, 34.2% (n=76) normal weight, 28.4% (n=63) overweight, and 9.0% (n=20) obese. MANOVA indicated a statistically significant overall difference in nutrient intake profiles (Wilks’ Λ = 0.76, F(10, 428), p &lt; 0.001). Well-nourished individuals demonstrated the highest mean intake of B vitamins, whereas malnourished individuals showed the lowest. Fat-soluble vitamin intake was also significantly higher among well-nourished individuals (Wilks’ Λ = 0.51, F(20, 418), p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, mineral consumption differed significantly between groups, with the lowest intake observed in malnourished individuals.

Conclusion: Increased nutritional risk, associated with reduced food consumption during cardiovascular disease, was evident. Future studies are recommended to establish causal relationships between specific vitamins, minerals, and cardiovascular outcomes.</p></abstract>
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