References

IJMABHR

International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research

IJMABHR

2582-8940

Anfo Publication House

364

10.54660/IJMBHR.2025.6.3.62-76

The Global Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Microbiological Review

Aladeeb

Mohammed

1Department of Radiology Techniques, Mosul Medical Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq

13072025

6 3 62 76 28052025 02072025

CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that compromises the effectiveness of current antimicrobial therapies. This review outlines key microbiological mechanisms of resistance, including enzymatic degradation of antibiotics, efflux pump activity, and genetic mutations that enhance bacterial survival. These adaptations contribute to treatment failures and increase patient mortality and healthcare costs. Clinically, AMR limits therapeutic options, prolongs hospital stays, and complicates infections. Environmentally, the spread of resistant bacteria through wastewater, agriculture, and pharmaceutical waste plays a significant role in sustaining resistance in natural ecosystems. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing strategies to monitor, prevent, and manage AMR. Addressing this crisis requires global cooperation, surveillance, and investment in alternative therapies and responsible antibiotic use.

Antimicrobial ResistanceEnzymatic DegradationEfflux PumpsGenetic MutationsClinical ImpactEnvironmental Dissemination

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