<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJMABHR</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>IJMABHR</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2582-8940</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Anfo Publication House</publisher-name></publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">160</article-id>
<title-group><article-title>Assessment tools in Rhinology and Otology and Quality of Life: Methodological Issues</article-title></title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Chakrabartty</surname><given-names>Satyendra Nath</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Indian Ports Association, New Delhi, India</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub"><year>2023</year></pub-date>
<volume>4</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date>
</history>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/?utm"><license-p>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</license-p></license></permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/160/assessment-tools-in-rhinology-and-otology-and-quality-of-life-methodological-issues"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://www.allmedicaljournal.com/article/160/download"/>
<abstract><p>Background: A number of tools are used for measurement of severity of Rhinology and Otology related disorders and their impact on Quality of Life. The tools differ in terms of length (number of items), width (number of response-categories/levels), dimensions covered, psychometric documentation and scores are not comparable. 

Objectives: To address methodological issues of tests and suggests remedial measures by transforming ordinal item scores to follow normal distribution for meaningful evaluation of measurement properties and better utilization of such tests. 

Methods: Using data-driven weights to response-categories of different items, ordinal item scores are converted to equidistant score (E-scores) in ratio scale with fixed zero point. Proposed scores (P-scores) are obtained from E-scores via linear transformations lie between 1 and 100 following normal distribution. Dimension scores and test scores are taken as sum of item-wise P-scores which also follow normal with parameters obtained from data

 Results: Normally distributed P-scores satisfy the basic assumption of statistical techniques and offer platform for parametric analysis facilitating meaningful arithmetic aggregation, meaningful comparisons and better utilization of such tests. It also help to find reliability as per theoretical definition, factorial validity avoiding criterion variable, assessment of responsiveness, optimal number of clusters and efficiency of classification, equivalent scores of two tests, etc. 

Conclusion: Proposed scores following normal and satisfying desired properties of measurement is recommended. Experts and researchers can derive benefits of the proposed score for better comparisons and prognosis.


 </p></abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><kwd>Equivalent scores</kwd><kwd>Factorial validity</kwd><kwd>Normal distribution</kwd><kwd>Theoretical reliability</kwd><kwd>Quality of Life</kwd></kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back><ref-list><title>References</title>
<ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>Quintanilla-Dieck L, Litvack JR, Mace JC, Smith TL. Comparison of disease-specific quality-of-life instruments in the assessment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2012, 2(6):437 -43.10.1002/alr.21057.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>Munshi J. A Method for Constructing Likert Scales. SSRN Electronic Journal. 1990; 10.2139/ssrn.2419366.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation>Parkin D, Rice N, Devlin N. Statistical analysis of EQ-5D profiles: does the use of value sets bias inference? Med Decis Making. 2010; 30(5):556-565.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation>Marcus-Roberts HM, Roberts FS. Meaningless statistics. Journal of Educational Statistics. 1987; 12:383-394.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation>Clason DL, Dormody TJ. Analyzing data measured by individual Likert-type items. J Agric Educ. 1994; 35(4):4</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation>Harwell, MR, Gatti GG. Rescaling ordinal data to interval data in educational research. Review of Educational Research. 2001; 71:105-131.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation>Yusoff, Rohana, Janor RM. Generation of an Interval Metric Scale to Measure Attitude, SAGE Open, 2014; 1-16, DOI: 10.1177/2158244013516768</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation>Chakrabartty SN. Alternate method of scoring Euroqol Five- Dimensional Scales, Health Science Journal. 2021; (15):6:847.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation>Nyaiteera V, Nakku D, Nakasagga E, et al. The burden of chronic rhinosinusitis and its effect on quality of life among patients re-attending an otolaryngology clinic in south western Uganda. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2018; 26(18):10. doi: 10.1186/s12901-018-0058-z.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation>Akdis CA, Bachert C, Cingi C. et al. Endotypes and phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: A PRACTALL document of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013; 131(6):1479-90.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation>Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Mullol J, et al. European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (EPOS 2012). A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology. 2012; 50(1):1-12.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation>Metson RB, Gliklich RE. Clinical outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2000; 110(S94):24-28. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200003002-00007</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation>Van Crombruggen K, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, Bachert C. Chronic sinusitis and rhinitis: clinical terminology&quot; Chronic Rhinosinusitis&quot; further supported. Rhinology. 2010; 48(1):54-58.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation>Rudmik L, Smith TL. Quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2011; 11(3):247-52. doi: 10.1007/s11882-010-0175-2.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation>Alobid I, Benitez P, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, et al. Nasal polyposis and its impact on quality of life: comparison between the effects of medical and surgical treatments. Allergy. 2005; 60(4):452-458. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00725.x.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation>Baumann I, Blumenstock G. Impact of gender on general health-related quality of life in patients with chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol. 2005; 19(3):282-287.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation>Linder JA and Atlas SJ. Health-related quality of life in patients with sinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2004; 4:490-495.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation>Joo YH, Han KD, Park KH. Association of Hearing Loss and Tinnitus with Health-Related Quality of Life: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS One. 2015; 29;10(6):e0131247.10.1371/journal.pone.0131247</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation>Newman CW, Sandridge SA, Jacobson GP . Psychometric adequacy of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) for evaluating treatment outcome. J Am Acad Audiol. 1998; 9(2):153-160.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation>Baguley DM, Andersson G. Factor analysis of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Am J Audiol. 2003; 12(1):31-34.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation>Hermann R, Ionescu EC, Dumas O, Tringali S, Truy E, Tilikete C. Bilateral Vestibulopathy: Vestibular Function, Dynamic Visual Acuity and Functional Impact. Front Neurol. 2018; 10; 9:555. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00555</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation>Gates GA. Ménière’s disease review. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005; 17(1):16-26.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation>Ghavami Y, Haidar YM, Moshtaghi O, Lin HW, Djalilian HR. Evaluating Quality of Life in Patients With Meniere&apos;s Disease Treated as Migraine. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018; 127(12):877-887. doi: 10.1177/0003489418799107</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation>Kato BM, LaRouere MJ, Bojrab DI, Michaelides EM. Evaluating quality of life after endolymphatic sac surgery: the Ménière’s Disease Outcomes Questionnaire. Otol Neurotol. 2004; 25(3):339-344.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation>Gillett S, Hopkins C, Slack R, Browne J. A pilot study of the SNOT 22 score in adults with no sinonasal disease. Clin Otolaryngol, 2009; 34(5):467-469. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.01975.x.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation>DeConde AS, Mace JC, Bodner T, Hwang PH, Rudmik L, Soler ZM, et al. SNOT22 quality of life domains differentially predict treatment modality selection in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014; 4(12):972-9.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation>McHorney CA, Ware JE, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research www.allmedicaljournal.com across diverse patient groups. Med Care. 1994; 32(1):40-66.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation>Van Der Veen J, Seys SF, Timmermans M, Levie P, Jorissen M, Fokkens WJ, et al. Real life study showing uncontrolled rhinosinusitis after sinus surgery in a tertiary referral centre. Allergy. 2017; 72(2):282-90.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation>Ference EH, Stubbs V, Lidder AK, Chandra RK, Conley D, Avila PC, et al. Measurement and comparison of health utility assessments in chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2015; (10):929-36.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation>Andresen EM, Gravitt GW, Aydelotte ME, Podgorski CA.: Limitations of the SF-36 in a sample of nursing home residents. Age Ageing. 1999; 28(6):562-6.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation>Banoub RG, Hoehle LP, Phillips KM, Schulman BJ, Caradonna DS, Gray ST, et al. Depressed Mood Modulates Impact of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Symptoms on Quality of Life. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018; 6 (6):2098-105.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation>Lipan MJ, Most SP. Development of a severity classification system for subjective nasal obstruction. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013; 15(5):358-61.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation>Thomas AJ, Orlandi RR, Ashby S, Mace JC, Smith TL, Alt JA. Nasal obstruction has a limited impact on sleep quality and quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2016; 126(9):1971-6.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation>Remenschneider AK, Scangas G, Meier JC, Gray ST, Holbrook EH, Gliklich RE, et al. EQ-5D-derived health utility values in patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125(5):1056-61.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation>Jacobson GP, Newman CW. The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990; 116:424-7.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation>Gairola P, Bist SS, Mishra S, Agrawal V.: Assessment of Quality of Life in Patients of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Clin Rhinol An Int J. 2014; 7(3):96-99.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Z, Adappa ND, Doghramji LJ, et al. Quality of life improvement from sinus surgery in chronic rhinosinusitis patients with asthma and nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2014; 4(11):885-92.</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation>Chakrabartty SN. Scoring of health state utility instruments for better comparability. IASR Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Science. 2021; 1 (3):14-21. https://iasrpublication.com/media/articles/IJMPS01030 02-14-21.pdf</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation>Parkerson, HA. Noel, M., Pagé MG, Fuss S, Katz J, Asmundson GJ. Factorial Validity of the English-Language Version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale– Child Version, The Journal of Pain, 2013; 14 (11), 1383-1389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.06.004</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation>Chakrabartty, Satyendra Nath. Reliability of test battery. Methodological Innovations, 2020; 1-8. DOI: 10.1177/2059799120918340</mixed-citation></ref>
<ref id="R41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation>Davies D, Bouldin W. A cluster separation measure, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1979; 1(2):224-227.</mixed-citation></ref>
</ref-list></back>
</article>